Drinking And Driving Should Not Be Taken Lightly - 1500 Words

Drinking and Driving Have you or someone you know been personally affected by someone who was drinking and driving? If you have then you understand the seriousness of why this is a major problem and should not be taken lightly. Many people have the understanding that they should not drink and drive when they are sober, when they start drinking however, their opinions most of the time change. Alcohol distorts a person s judgement and allows their perception to be altered, people who are under the influence admit that their reaction time is slower than when they are not drinking. Thus, they make decisions and take chances that they would not take when they are sober, most of the time these decisions are fatal. When drinking alcohol,†¦show more content†¦Also, a person with more body fat will have a higher BAC than a person with less body fat. Most of the time a female will have a higher BAC than a male, even if she drinks the same concentration of alcohol as a male. What this means is that it takes fewer drinks for a female to be at the legal limit. After learning what alcohol does to the brain and body, one can see why driving after drinking could be a serious problem. The history of drunk driving dates back to 1897 when the first drunk driving arrest was made. â€Å"It was a man named George Smith who drove a taxicab in London as a living. One night, Smith was drinking and driving and crashed into a building. After he was arrested for drunk driving, he eventually plead guilty to the charge. He was sentenced to pay 25 shillings† (DrunkDrivingPrevention.com). After the incident in London, New York became the first state in America to create drunk driving laws. In 1954 Robert F. Borkenstein invented the Breathalyzer. The breathalyzer is a device for estimating blood alcohol content from a person s breath sample. It is illegal in the United States to drive a vehicle with a Breath Alcohol Concentration of 0.08% or higher. A DUI, driving under the influence, is the act of driving a vehicle with a BAC over the state limi t. If it is your first offense the state will typically revoke your license for a year, and require you to take a drunk driverShow MoreRelatedEssay about Changing the Drinking Age to 181228 Words   |  5 Pagesget a bad rep when it comes to drinking alcohol. Especially college students that are considered â€Å"binge drinkers†. When in reality a nation wide survey of students at 168 colleges and university’s found some interesting things about the underage corrupt youth. 93% of all students have never received a lower grade in a class because of drinking too much. 98% of all college students say that they have never gotten into trouble from an administrator from excessive drinking. While the media continuallyRead MoreAlcohol is a very popular drink for those that are of legal drinking age. The legal drinking age600 Words   |  3 PagesAlcohol is a very popular drink for those that are of legal drinking age. The legal drinking age in the United States is currently 21. Sadly, many teens that are not of legal drinking age consume alcohol while being under age. They believe that they are old enough to handle its effects, and that it is the cool thing to do. The legal drinking age should not be lowered because many teens cannot handle the effects of alcohol or the responsibility that come with the consumption of alcohol. It couldRead MoreThe Legal Drinking Age For The United States Government Essay1196 Words   |  5 PagesPolicy Paper There are multiple policies that should be taken into high consideration for the United States government. However, one specific topic that needs to be addressed is the legal drinking age. As of now, the legal drinking age in America is 21. To some residents, this law is considerably reasonable. To others, having the drinking age of 21 seems unnecessary for multiple reasons. Most people would agree that having the current drinking age allows for more responsible teens and young adultsRead MoreDrunk Driver And Drunk Drivers923 Words   |  4 Pageswere on their phones. 421,000 were injured (Texting and Driving Statistics). Driving is not an easy task so you should always be attentive to what you’re doing. A big difference between both is being sober and being drunk. Someone that’s drunk isn’t fully aware of what’s going on. Someone who is sober but is on their phone is more dangerous because they aren’t looking at what’s ahead. Even though both drunk driving at texting while driving are different, the thing that’s most important for both isRead MoreWomen s Rights And Responsibilities Of Adulthood Essay1710 Words   |  7 Pagesget their hands on alcohol. There should be a strengthened system for those selling and providing alcohol to anyone making the purchase. Along with that those who are no longer considered a minor in the United States Government’s eyes should have the right to obtain, purchase, and enjoy an alcoholic beverage. In all reality, until thirty-two years ago, those above eighteen could consume just as freely as desired. This was changed when the National Minimum Drinking Age Act of 1984 was passed changingRead MoreDrinking and Driving Essay1487 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"Every single injury and death caused by drunk driving is totally preventable† says David J. Hanson, a drunken driving activist. Drinking and driving is a serious crime in all fifty states. The rules and laws may vary among the states. In Illinois, it is illegal to operate a m otor vehicle with a blood-alcohol concentration (BAC) or .08 percent or more. A driver also can be convicted of DUI with a BAC of more than .05 if additional evidence is present (DUI Laws par. 1). According to the Nation HighwayRead MoreDrug and Alcohol Abuse Essay1174 Words   |  5 PagesAlcohol abuse is a serious problem, driving while drunk or under the influence of drugs is an even bigger problem that shouldn’t be taken lightly. Abusing either one of these substances can lead to the death of you or the death of someone else or even cause a major change in their life like Jacqueline’s story, her whole life has been changed because of another person’s ignorance and carelessness. Therefore, you should know the facts about drug and alcohol abuse before you do something you may regretRead MoreOn Some School Nights, I Have A Rough Time Trying To Fall1052 Words   |  5 Pagesresulted by the lack of sleep, or sleep deprivation. Many more harmful problems can r esult from sleep deprivation, such as sleep disorders, difficulty driving, and physical and mental effects on students. In which case, students wouldn’t want sleep deprivation affecting their academic grades and education in school. Therefore, students in high school should be allowed to sleep for a longer period of time on school nights or else sleep deprivation will affect the students’ education and lifestyles in schoolRead MoreWhy The Drinking Age During The U.s. Should Be Lowered1300 Words   |  6 PagesInsert name Professor’s name Course/class Date Why the drinking age in the U.S. should be lowered to 18 Getting to 18 years of age is an important milestone for a US resident because it is the legal age for independence, allowing the individual to make his or her decisions regarding tobacco smoking, driving and even joining the armed forces while being treated as an adult by the justice system. While this statement is essentially accurate, it is untrue concerning the ability to purchase and drinkRead MoreAnalysis Of Out, Out By Robert Frost780 Words   |  4 Pagesconsequences. Said responsibilites are much more prominent in the teenage years of life. For example: driving, getting offered drugs and/or alcohol, and intercourse are all situations that teenagers might find themselves in. These situations may not be inherently bad, but because teenagers are new drivers, too young and inexperienced to properly care for a child, and could be easily peer pressured into drinking or doing drugs, these situations could be devastating for teenagers if they aren’t responsible

Nike The Growth Stage Of Its Life Cycle - 2292 Words

Todays market place has hundreds of sporting based companies that compete for the same customers. One prominent player in this industry is Nike. O’Reilly (2014) explains how Nike has been in existence for over 50 years and has grown to be dominant in its market. It was founded in 1964 as a company named Blue Ribbon but officially took the name Nike in 1971. Nike (2016) states that they aim to create products, services and experiences for today’s athletes. To illustrate, Nike produces: footwear, athletic wear, athletic gear and provides sponsorship services to hundreds of athletes across the world. Furthermore, Nike (2016) illuminates how they employ more than 30,000 people. These employees range from marketers to accountants to retail employees. What is more, Nike also contracts with manufactures that employ more than 800,000 workers in several different countries. Currently, Nike is in the growth stage of its life cycle. Jones (2013) states that organizational growth is, â€Å"The life cycle stage in which organizations develop value creation of skills and competences that allow them to acquire additional resources†. Although Nike has been in existence for over 50 years they are continually innovating new products and services to maintain their growth. MarketWatch (2015) states that in 2011 Nike had a net income of 2.13 billion and in 2015 their net income was 3.27 billion. This clearly demonstrates how Nike is continually developing their domain and increasing the range ofShow MoreRelatedMarketing Objectives for Nike Sports Drink1342 Words   |  6 PagesObjectives Nike will have a number of different marketing objectives for their isotonic sports drink, Nike Go. A main market objective will be to establish the isotonic drink as the most credible sports drink in the market. This will not just happen though, this can only happen through a lot of promotion and appeal. Creating strong consumer awareness is very important in gaining market share as it is a completely new product from Nike. This can be done through promoting the product, Nike Go, and allowingRead MoreThe Athletic Shoe Industry Is Made Up Of Companies That Produce Footwear For Athletic Use1638 Words   |  7 Pagesindustry is one of the fastest growing footwear industries and have top growing sales compared to other footwear industries (NDP Group, 2016). The key players that currently dominate the market are Nike, Adidas, and Puma (Kates Bolduc, 2013). This paper will use the porter five forces, industry life cycle, and the key players to understand the industry. Over these years t he athletic shoe industry has grown into a competitive market. Porter’s Five Forces The athletic shoe industry will be first analyzedRead Moreï » ¿Life Cycle with Air Jordan1487 Words   |  6 PagesLife Cycle with Air Jordan Introduction Air Jordan belongs to a famous international brand called â€Å"Nike† which is a pair of legendary shoes. Nike, Inc. is an America transnational corporation that has its own design and technology, and it’s mainly products is clothes, shoes, and equipment etc. The Nike shoes also is one of fortune 500 company, and the rank of Nike, Inc. is 126. (A Time Warner Company, 2013) Different Nike’s Product have unlike Life cycle, because of epidemic and seasonality of productRead MoreProduct Life Cycle Of Nike Air Jordan889 Words   |  4 Pages2) Product Life Cycle Introduction Stage: During the introduction stage, the Nike Air Jordan one was a novelty in the marketplace as it was Michel Jordan’s first signature basketball shoe. Nike decided to go with penetration pricing strategy. They did this to help capture a large market share early on, by selling the Nike Air Jordan Ones for only $65.00 Compared to last years 2016 Nike Air Jordan one shoe release which costed $180.00, the original price of $65.00 for the exact same shoe was muchRead MoreMarketing Analysis : Nike s Strategy1540 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction: The sports fashion industry refers to the apparel and footwear people exercise in. This industry has seen growth as there’s more demand for trendy sportswear, most notably women as well as an increase in competitors; new look, Topshop and boohoo. Young people are the biggest sportswear buyers and are the most interested in innovation. (Sender, June 2015) Nike, as a company, fit into this market as the leader in sports fashion as they ra nk #1 in most valuable sports fashion and #18 overallRead MoreWhat Are Some Reasons For Contracting A Product Line?1259 Words   |  6 Pagesproduct life cycle concept. What are the stages of the product life cycle? The product life cycle concept derives from the phases through which a product undergoes, from its introduction, to its growth in the market, to the maturity it attains in that market, to the very last stage of declination. The introduction stage of a product consist of the first time a product is available to the general public. Growth stage entails a products profitability and demand in the current market, in this cycle theRead MoreWhat Are Some Reasons For Contracting A Product Line?1273 Words   |  6 Pagesproduct life cycle concept. What are the stages of the product life cycle? The product life cycle concept derives from the phases through which a product undergoes, from its introduction, to its growth in the market, to the maturity it attains in that market, to the very last stage of declination. The introduction stage of a product consist of the first time a product is available to the general public. Growth stage entails a products profitability and demand in the current market, in this cycle theRead MoreCsr And Product Lifecycle And Its Components Essay1425 Words   |  6 Pagestoday’s consumer and marketplace is demanding and knowledgeable; an organization is wise to listen as they speak with their wallets and step up its CSR program. Product Lifecycle and Lifecycle Pricing Pricing is an important aspect in examining the stages of the product lifecycle: raw materials extraction, materials processing, product manufacturing, wholesale and retail outlets, purchasing and consumers and product waste and recycling. Lifecycle pricing exist to bring to light all aspects of theRead MoreMarketing Report for New Balance Company Essay1480 Words   |  6 PagesFor New Balance Company, In order to maintain a substantial amount of market share, to target several suitable segmentations is vital. Those profitable segmentations can make New Balance Company become more competitive among its competitors such as Nike, Adidas and Reebok. In the following section, different potential segmentations will be classified and discussed by analysing different group of customers’ characteristics, needs and wants. 2.0 Marketing Segmentation This is the first step inRead MoreNike Marketing Research2366 Words   |  10 PagesCase Study: The Marketing Mix of Nike, Inc. BADM 370 15 April 2013 Executive Summary Nike, Inc.’s debut in the 1970’s was a milestone for the athletic industry. Starting with a simple of objective of selling affordable, quality athletic footwear, Nike has undergone an incredible transformation over the years into a dominating sporting goods company due to an efficient marketing mix. Today, Nike has reached annual sales exceeding

Mid-Term Break †Creative Writing Free Essays

I was in the college sick bay all morning panicking and wondering why I was sat in this small clinical room. I was left alone lying on the old squashy but cold bed. I was listening to the bells ring every hour. We will write a custom essay sample on Mid-Term Break – Creative Writing or any similar topic only for you Order Now I was wondering what lesson I should be in now if I had not been in this uncomfortable, small cramped room. At last, the school nurse walked in and said to me â€Å"Simon your next door neighbours are here†. I picked up my coat, put my bag on my back, and walked to the school reception where my neighbours were stood. My neighbours were nice people. They were the type that would help out, like picking me up from school or baby-sitting my brother. My neighbours came and gave me a hug and sat me down by the school reception and said â€Å"Simon, we have some bad news†. All sorts of things were running through my head at that moment, I thought that their cat had died or something but these words came out â€Å"Your brother is in hospital. He has been run over by a car†. On the way home I felt sick. Tears were trickling down my face while I was thinking if my brother was okay or not. On the way home the journey felt like five hours rather that ten minutes. When I finally got home, I saw my father crying in the porch. I tried to comfort him but I was too worried myself to be of any real help. I thought I knew what had happened, my father does not really cry when somebody dies but this time he was really crying. He was alone in his own world. He was cold and noises were muffled. The tears clouded his eyesight. As I entered the house, there were many people talking about different things. I could not tell what they were saying; it was just one loud noise. I could make out big Jim Evans, my uncle, who was saying in a solemn voice, â€Å"it was a hard blow†. My younger sister, Natalie, was in the pram rocking and laughing as though nothing had happened. I wished that I could do that; just pretend that nothing had happened. I went upstairs to my bed room and was met by lots of old men whom I had never seen before, I was embarrassed when they all stood up and started to shake my hand, they told me they were sorry for my trouble. I locked on to someone saying that I was the eldest child away at boarding school when my brother had been run over. I was holding my mums hand when I heard this. At ten o’clock on Tuesday morning, my brother’s corpse arrived at the house and was taken upstairs to the attic. The corpse was bound in bandages and they were stained in blood around the body. This made me feel sick. I wanted to get out of the room as quick as I could. The following morning I went upstairs into the attic to say my goodbyes. The room was cold and many candles were lit around the corpse to show respect. Snowdrops soothed the atmosphere and made everything calm. I saw him lying in the coffin. It was the first time I had seen him in six weeks because I had been away at boarding school. He was lying there, but more stiff and paler than I had seen him six weeks ago. He was lying there with a poppy bruise on his left temple where the car had hit him. It appeared as though he was fast asleep in his bed, but it was not his bed, it was a coffin. He had no gaudy scars because the bumper had knocked him clear. This made me feel sick again but I did not want to leave the room. His box was four foot long as if this was a foot for every year. How to cite Mid-Term Break – Creative Writing, Papers

Contributory Negligence and Breach of Contract

Question: Discuss about the Contributory Negligence and Breach of Contract. Answer: Introduction: The law of negligence aims to grant compensation to the plaintiff who has suffered injuries because of the wrongful acts/omissions by the defendant and the defences which can be used by the defendant to secure his position. As per the facts of the case, Anna is the aggrieved/plaintiff and she must prove the elements of the law of negligence against the Trevor who is the defaulter/defendant in order to attain relief for the injuries that are sustained by her. Anna has to prove that Trevor is duty bound to provide care to her which was breached causing harm to her. Whereas, Trevor can prove that Anna has also contributed to her own loss and thus can reduce his quantum of liabilities. Legal principles and its application If Anna has to prove that the injuries caused to her are because of Trevor, then, she has to prove that there is duty of care upon Trevor. In Donoghue v Stevenson (1932) the law of negligence was established for the first time. There were three basic elements which need to be proved to hold the defendant negligent in his actions (Langridge v Levy (1837). The same are duty of care, breach and damages. The duty of care is the duty which every defendant must follow while doing any act/omission. The duty signifies that when the defendant is carrying or not carrying any activity, then, no damage should be caused to the plaintiff (Bryan v Maloney(1995). (P Latimer, 2012) But, the duty of care can only be imposed provided the defendant can foresee the affects of his actions, that is, the affect which can be reasonably foreseeable by the defendant. If the defendant cannot reasonably foresee the impact, then, there is no duty of care (Burnie Port Authority v General Jones [1994]) (Norman, 2004). Also, the law will only impose the duty provided the acts are hampering the interest of those plaintiffs who are connected with the defendant (Grant v The Australian Knitting Mills[1935]. There must be presence of neighbourhood amid the parties so that the acts of the defendant are hampering the interest of the plaintiff directly. (C Witting, 2007) Now, there is a duty of care that can be imposed upon Trevor. This is because there is presence of reasonable forseeability and the principle of neighbourhood. Trevor takes the walking trip on the day light knowing the fact that if the trip is conducted during night then there are chances of injuries that might take place. Thus, he can foresee the impact if this duty is not performed carefully. Also, Anna is one of the walkers on the trip. Thus, whatever acts/guidance that is provided by Trevor will affect Anna directly. There is connectivity amid both Anna and Trevor. So, there is the presence of proximity and neighbourhood principle. So, in such situation, Trevor must take such actions or non actions so that no injury is caused to his walkers because of him. Breach of Duty of care The defendant in all situations must comply with the duty of care that is imposed upon him, that is, he must act in such a manner is that his actions does not hamper any plaintiff who is his neighbour and for all those actions the impact of which he can reasonably foresee. But when the duty of care that is imposed upon the defendant is not fully catered by him, then, there is breach of such duty of care. But, a duty if care is only considered to be violated when the level of care that is expected from the defendant is not met and he short falls from the level of care that is expected from him (Lagunas Nitrate Co v Lagunas Nitrate Syndicate Ltd (1899). The situations are different and so does the level of care, but, whatever may be the situation, the level of care provided by the defendant must achieve the standard that is expected from him Introvigne v. Commonwealth (1982). For instance, if the degree/gravity of harm that might incur from the acts of the defendant is very high then the level of care that is expected from the defendant should also be very high (Paris v Stepney Borough Council[1950]. Likewise, if the defendant is aware that the plaintiff is a child, then, the level of care should be much high when compared with what is given when the plaintiff is a normal person. So, there are various factors that influence the level or standard of care that is required in a y given si tuation, such as, the factors includes, the age of the plaintiff, education, illness, metal condition, etc. Now, in the given situation, the facts reveal that Trevor operates day walking touring service as there were chances of accidents and injuries sustained by walkers when the tours were conducted during night. These walking tours were very easy going and Trevor takes a group of 6 people mainly for bird watching and allied activities. Trevor after understanding from his past experience is aware that the trip should be carried out in day light as any trip in the night has invited injuries. He tried to provide adequate protections to the walkers by informing them that all the walkers must wear sensible shoes and walking. He also made sure that the walkers are supplied with sandwiches and water. All these actions of Trevor may presume that the duty of care that is imposed upon Trevor are complies by him. But, the answer is No. Anna was one of the walkers but has faced injuries during the trip. This is because there was breach of duty of care on the part of Trevor. The level of care that is provided by Trevor is not up to the mark and is considered to be breached. This is because during the mid of the trip Trevor left the walkers alone in search of the new location knowing the fact that if the trekking is carried out in night then there are chances that injuries might be sustained by the walkers. He is aware of this fact because injuries have incurred before when the trip was carried out during night. The walkers have to return alone causing unnecessary hazards to them and Anna. Thus, the level of care is not achieved. He must have made sure that the trip has returned during day light. He must also make sure that no wine consumption should give taken during the trip. But, this duty was also breached as Anna has consumed the win during the trip. Thus, the level of care that is expected from Trevor is not met by him resulting in breach of duty of care. When the duty of care that is imposed upon the defendant is not met by him, then, in order to hold him negligent in his actions it is necessary that there must be injuries that are sustained by him (Carter V Walker(2010). It is only when the injuries are caused to the plaintiff that results in making the defendant negligent in his actions. (McKendrik Liu, 2015) But, the defendant is considered to be negligent only when the injury that is caused to the plaintiff is because of the actions of the defendant. There must be cause and effect relationship amid the actions of the defendant and the injuries that are sustained by the plaintiff. Thus, there is principle of causation that must be complying with, that is, the injuries that are caused to the plaintiff is because of the actions of the defendant. Also, the injuries that are caused to the plaintiff are of such a nature which are not too remote and must have been incurred because of the acts if the defendant. If the injuries are of such nature that they cannot be predicted reasonably or if the injuries are too remote which cannot be reasonably anticipated by the parties, then, there cannot be any negligence that is incurred by the defendant. In the given situation, because of the breach of duty of care by the Trevor, injuries are caused to the Anna. She stumbles down a hill side and resulted in causing her knee injured. Trevor is aware that if he does not bring back the group on time, that is, during day time because there were accidents that took place when the trekking was carried out during night, then there are chances of injuries that might be incurred to the trekkers. Thus, the injury that is caused to Anna is reasonably anticipated by Trevor and still no due action or care was provided by him. Also, the injuries are because of the breach of duty by Trevor, thus, there is presence of causation. Thus, damages have resulted because of the negligent act of the Trevor. So, there is duty of care upon Trevor which is violated by him causing him harm to Anna. So, Trevor is negligent in his actions. But, a defence is available to Trevor which he can use to reduce his liabilities. The defence of contributory negligence simply states that whenever the plaintiff is also negligent in his acts along with the acts of the defendant and it is not the defendant abalone who has caused the injury to the plaintiff, then, the defendant can take the defence of contributory negligence and can prove that it is plaintiff who has also contributed to his own loss along with the acts of the defendant (Vairy v Wyong Shire Council (2005) and thus the defendant alone should not be allowed to imposed with the liability and his liability should be reduced to the level of negligence caused by the plaintiffs actions. (A Freilich, 2000) Now, it is settled that Trevor was negligent in his actions and must provide compensation to the injuries that are sustained by Anna. However, he can take the defence of contributory negligence. It can be proved that the loss that is caused to Anna is not because of the acts of Trevor alone, rather, the loss that is caused to Anna is also because of her own contribution. Anna was directed by Trevor that she should wear sensible shoes and clothing. However, during the mid of the walk, she removed her runner shoes and wore heals which is one of the reasons of her fall. Also, during the walk, she consumed wine which made her restless and not fit for the walk. All these incidences have resulted in causing her to fall and sustain inquires. Thus, Trevor can take the defence of contributory negligence. Now, Anna can sue Trevor under the law of negligence and sue for damages and compensation for the losses that are incurred to her because of the breach of duty on the part of Trevor. But, Trevor is not liable for all the losses that are sustained by Anna. Trevor will only provide remedy for the loss that is caused to Anna because of his negligence and not for those liabilities which are incurred because of the acts of Anna herself. He can reduce his liability by taking the defence of contributory negligence. But, Trevor is not responsible for the loss of income which has resulted because Anna closed down her cafe. The closing down of cafe is not within the predictable damages and thus Trevor is not liable for the same. Guidance to Trevor and Anna It is suggested that Anna can prove in court that Trevor owns a duty of care against her which is not complied by him causing her injuries. Thus, she can prove that Trevor is negligent in his actions. But, Trevor can also prove that the loss that is caused to Anna is not solely because of his actions and that Anna has also contributed to her own loss by wearing heals and consuming wine. So, he can reduce his liabilities accordingly. Also, Trevor is not responsible to the loss of income from closing down of cafe as it is the loss which is too remote for Trevor to predict. Reference List A Freilich (2000) Contributory Negligence and Breach of Contract: The Implications of Astley v Austrust Ltd. Vol 29. C Witting, Tort Law, Policy and the High Court of Australia" [2007] MelbULawRw 23. McKendrik Liu (2015) Contract Law: Australian Edition. Palgrave Macmillan. Norman K, Who then in law is my neighbour?" - Reverting to First Principles in the High Court of Australia (2004). The Tort Law Review 12(2):pp. 85-97. P Latimer (2012) Australian Business law, CCH Australia Limited. Bryan v Maloney(1995). Burnie Port Authority v General Jones [1994] HCA 13. Carter V Walker(2010). Donohue v Stevenson (1932). Grant v The Australian Knitting Mills[1935] UKPC 2 Gala v Preston (1991). Introvigne v. Commonwealth (1981-1982) 150 CLR 258 Langridge v Levy (1837). Lagunas Nitrate Co v Lagunas Nitrate Syndicate Ltd (1899). Paris v Stepney Borough Council[1950]. Vairy v Wyong Shire Council (2005).

Health Indicators

‘Healthy People 2010’ is a 10-year health strategic plan of the United States, which aims at promoting healthy lifestyles and prevention of diseases. The health strategic plan has it basis from Healthy People 2000 health agenda, which emanated from collaborative efforts of the United States government, citizens, and public health organizations.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Health Indicators specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Culmination of the Healthy People 2000 objectives did set stage for the formulation of Healthy People 2010 healthy strategic plan of the United States. The Healthy People 2010 has two major objectives: to improve the quality and length of healthy life, and eliminate healthy disparities in the society that has been very unequal. To achieve its objective, the Healthy People 2010 identified 28 healthy indicators that are critical in assessing progress of health, but health experts identified 10 leading health indicators. The 10 leading health indicators give enough information regarding health status or issues in the population for policymakers to make appropriate policies. Obesity is one of the health issues with indicators such as physical activity, environmental quality, and access to healthcare falling in the 10 leading indicators of Healthy People 2010. Physical activity is one of the leading health indicators according to Healthy People 2010 for it determines prevalence of obesity in the society. Physical activity intricately links with nutrition because the health status of a body does not only depend on physical activity, but also intake of nutritious diet and subsequent assimilation and utilization of the nutrients. Since a healthy diet supplies the essential nutrients to the body, proper and optimum physical activity is necessary to enhance their assimilation and utilization, hence preventing the accumulation of the excess nutrients into toxic level s or causing obesity in the case of carbohydrates. According to Centers for Disease Control [CDC] and Prevention (2009), enhanced physical activity and modification of diet are effective measures of reducing incidences of obesity in the society with health disparities and inequality (p.1). Thus, healthy body requires nutrients and physical activity to improve physiological and biochemical processes of the body, hence prevents occurrence of the obesity. Social and physical environment is also another leading health indicator that determines predisposition to obesity. Series of studies have confirmed that social and physical environments influence eating and exercising habits of individuals.Advertising Looking for essay on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Some environments such as workplaces and schools discourage physical exercises because people eat well yet they become preoccupied with other issues and neglec t healthy lifestyles such as physical exercise. Due to lack of enough exercise in such environments, people gain weight and become obese. Social behaviors such as unhealthy eating habits have significant influence on the eating lifestyles of the people in certain social environments. According to Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2009), abundance of food, lack of exercising facilities and contemporary occupations that do not provide time for physical activities have contributed significantly to the development of obesity (p.2). Palatable and innutritious diets that are conveniently available in social places coupled with the lack of physical exercises degenerate into weight gain and obesity. Accessibility to health care services is one of the 10 leading indicators of health that determines prevalence of obesity in the society. Since health status of the body depends on the nutritional and physical fitness, inaccessibility to health care services and vital information neces sary for healthful lifestyles means that the population will neither eat nutritiously nor exercise well. Satcher (2000) argues that, accessibility to health care is critical in enhancing measures of public health such as prevention, treatment, and management of diseases through provision of health information (p.2864). The inaccessibility to information concerning nutrition and physical activity increases prevalence of obesity in the population. Thus, to reverse increasing trends of obesity, accessibility to vital information in the healthcare institutions by the public is imperative. References Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, (2009). Healthy People 2010. National  Center for Health Statistics. Web. Satcher, D. (2000). Eliminating Global Health Disparities. The Journal of the American  Medical Association, 284(22), 2864. This essay on Health Indicators was written and submitted by user Trace Bruce to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Conditions for Using a Binomial Distribution

Conditions for Using a Binomial Distribution Binomial probability distributions are useful in a number of settings. It is important to know when this type of distribution should be used. We will examine all of the conditions that are necessary in order to use a binomial distribution. The basic features that we must have are for a total of n independent trials are conducted and we want to find out the probability of r successes, where each success has probability p of occurring. There are several things stated and implied in this brief description. The definition boils down to these four conditions: Fixed number of trialsIndependent trialsTwo different classificationsThe probability of success stays the same for all trials All of these must be present in the process under investigation in order to use the binomial probability formula or tables. A brief description of each of these follows. Fixed Trials The process being investigated must have a clearly defined number of trials that do not vary. We cannot alter this number midway through our analysis. Each trial must be performed the same way as all of the others, although the outcomes may vary. The number of trials is indicated by an n in the formula. An example of having fixed trials for a process would involve studying the outcomes from rolling a die ten times.  Here each roll of the die is a trial. The total number of times that each trial is conducted is defined from the outset. Independent Trials Each of the trials has to be independent. Each trial should have absolutely no effect on any of the others. The classical examples of rolling two dice or flipping several coins illustrate independent events. Since the events are independent we are able to use the multiplication rule to multiply the probabilities together. In practice, especially due to some sampling techniques, there can be times when trials are not technically independent. A binomial distribution can sometimes be used in these situations as long as the population is larger relative to the sample. Two Classifications Each of the trials is grouped into two classifications: successes and failures. Although we typically think of success as a positive thing, we should not read too much into this term. We are indicating that the trial is a success in that it lines up with what we have determined to call a success. As an extreme case to illustrate this, suppose we are testing the failure rate of light bulbs. If we want to know how many in a batch will not work, we could define success for our trial to be when we have a light bulb that fails to work. A failure of the trial is when the light bulb works. This may sound a bit backward, but there may be some good reasons for defining the successes and failures of our trial as we have done. It may be preferable, for marking purposes,  to stress that there is a low probability of a light bulb not working rather than a high probability of a light bulb working. Same Probabilities The probabilities of successful trials must remain the same throughout the process we are studying. Flipping coins is one example of this. No matter how many coins are tossed, the probability of flipping a head is 1/2 each time. This is another place where theory and practice are slightly different. Sampling without replacement can cause the probabilities from each trial to fluctuate slightly from each other. Suppose there are 20 beagles out of 1000 dogs. The probability of choosing a beagle at random is 20/1000 0.020. Now choose again from the remaining dogs. There are 19 beagles out of 999 dogs. The probability of selecting another beagle is 19/999 0.019. The value 0.2 is an appropriate estimate for both of these trials. As long as the population is large enough, this sort of estimation does not pose a problem with using the binomial distribution.

NEW TERRORIST THREATS Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

NEW TERRORIST THREATS - Research Paper Example Al Qaeda has undergone a radical metamorphosis from the â€Å"organized, idealistic group† to a rag tag unit that advanced aspects of radicalism. The radical shift and nature of Al Qaeda does not mean that its lethal power has been reduced. What is contrary is the observation that the unit has embraced new and modern ways to advance its terrorist ideals. The strength and the standards of the group have been embraced by many people from all over the world who have aligned and embraced the radical tenets of the group. Nations all over the world have acknowledged that Al Qaeda cannot be ignored, and its radical aspects should not be dismissed. They have set modalities that will ensure that they are perfectly equipped with the ability to deal with any form of terrorist act. In instances where nations lack the capacity to deal with terrorism and terrorist groups, international bodies have offered assistance at each and every stage. This is with the realization that terrorism affect s all nations in the world. New Terrorist Threats Prior to the events of September 11, 2001, the United States, and much of the world for that matter, was blissfully ignorant with regards to the terrorist threat. Although it is true that terrorism had been evidenced within the United States many times throughout its history, the sheer scope and scale of destruction, as well as loss of human life, that was exhibited on September 11, demanded that the United States integrate with a more nuanced and proactive approach to defining and combating terrorism around the globe. One definitive reality that can currently be stated with regards to the current evidence of terrorism is the fact that over 10 years of incessant conflict between the United States and its allies and al Qaeda have severely weakened it and monumentally decreased its operating effectiveness, it should not be understood that Al Qaeda does not pose a threat anymore (Spaaij, 2010). Rather, the capabilities of this particula r entity have severely been weakened as leadership has been decimated by a proactive and aggressive assassination program. Yet, even though Al Qaeda no longer poses anywhere close to the same level of threat that it did but a decade ago, the reader should understand the definition of terrorism and terrorist entities do not begin or end with Al Qaeda; or even radical Islamic terror groups in and of themselves. Whereas the recent past has been defined by large terror organizations seeking to carry out complex and logistically challenging tactics, the recent paradigm necessarily denotes a far larger number of individual or â€Å"lone wolf† terrorists, oftentimes under the leadership of a mentor, have begun to redefine terrorist threat within the modern era. As a function of understanding and appreciating this new dynamic, the following analysis will seek to illustrate some relevant in recent cases in which the â€Å"lone wolf† terrorist has engaged and/or destroyed/killed targets based upon seemingly their own volition (Barnes, 2012). Additionally, the analysis will also discuss the means by which traditional interpretations of terrorism and the groups that sponsor it, such as Al Qaeda, continue to be relevant and should not be discounted entirely. Although the analysis will focus much of the attention upon radical Islamic extremists, it must be understood that many different and disparate groups comprise the terrorist threat that is based within the current system. One

RN interview Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

RN interview - Essay Example Evidently, the humanistic aspects of nursing care can only be achieved via effective interpersonal communication. The shortlisted candidate is a registered male nurse. With respect to interpersonal power, a nurse is an authority who must exude expert power. These are the true feelings of the interviewee. He further explains that a good masterly of nursing knowledge in clinical practice instills confidence in the patient. Moreover, the patient relaxes and is more amenable to therapeutic interventions as s/he is fully trusting of the care received in the hospital. The interviewee also highlighted the need for self disclosure. A nurse needs to appreciate the emotional needs of the patient by establishing a rapport that is based on caring. The nurse needs to exhibit empathy, warmth and congruence in order to foster a trustworthy relationship that will foster self-disclosure (current nursing, 2012). The nurse should not reveal confidential relationship and whenever necessary, there is need to maintain patient anonymity in the discussion of such privileged information. The interviewee also cited the need to maintain assertive communication in the delega tion of duties to juniors and the delivery of instructions to patients. This is essential in the cultivation of a professional relationship with patients and personnel. Aggressive communication will create an uneasy environment that is laden with tension (Kinni & Kinni, n.d.). It is not the kind of environment that will nurture a caring attitude where patients can engage in self disclosure. The interviewee also indicated that all conflict in a hospital setting should be resolved via the cooperative style of managing conflict (Knapp & Daly, 2011). I aspire to be a teacher and in order to establish good teacher/student relationships; I should demonstrate good interpersonal communication skills (Roberts, 2012). A teacher needs to be assertive during the

Ethics and the War on Drugs Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Ethics and the War on Drugs - Assignment Example the reuse of the same needles/syringe may cause and at the same time continue the fight against drugs by educating the people on the negativities of drugs and at any time be able to give practical examples. In order to acquire a certain attention to people, proven evidence gets to works more than believes thus education would be more important (Baum, 1997). Therapy to me is good to change one’s life but at the same time, it depends on the victim willingness to change. If the victim is willing, then the therapy will work well but if the victim is not willing, then the high percentage indicates that the therapy program my not successfully have impact on the victim. America is faced by a high number of people who are convicted to drugs and one thing do stand, the solution is not the conviction of the people using drugs but it should be the prevention of the addiction to drugs. And in response to Manson, the use of therapy will impact the people using drugs but the victims themselves should be able to accept their condition and see the need to change. The move to decriminalize drugs is a good move for it has already been proven elsewhere. All that the victim need is the psychological monitoring and time to change their ways. Addiction is the main contributor of drug abuse, and it is the one part that should be avoided in order to reduce the rate of abuse and to those who are addicted, they should go through therapy. Just as the saying goes, prevention is better than cure(Adelman,

Right to Information Act, 2005 | Analysis

Right to Information Act, 2005 | Analysis RIGHT TO INFORMATION ACT, 2005 VIDYA SAGAR KOMMU INTRODUCTION: The knowledge and the freedom of information are playing an important role in the society for the advancement. For a country like India, which is one of the biggest democracy in the world it is necessary to provide accountability and transparency in the governance. To achieve this there should be freedom of information to the citizens of the country and this as a right. It is the responsibility of the state. So, in the Indian constitution under the fundamental rights article 19 talks about protection of certain rights of all citizens. And article 19 (1) (a) talks about freedom of speech and expression. It is meaningless unless until it provide the access to get information. So, under this article the right to information emerged to facilitate the access to the information. Even though it is recognized as fundamental right we need a process through which we can exercise this there created a necessity for an act to come. As a result, The Right To Information Act came to exist in 2005 i n India. Various countries in the world have already been practicing this Act with different names for many years. This act is referred to as Freedom of Press Act in Sweden, in USA and UK this act is called Freedom of Information Act, in South Africa it is Promotion of Access to Info Act, in New Zealand it is Official Information Act, in Pakistan it is called Right to Information Act. 90 countries in the World have been practicing this Act. Before this act was passed in the center different states of India have also been practicing this act. Tamil Nadu and Goa has been practicing this Act since 1997 and Rajasthan and Karnataka have been practicing since 2000. Delhi since 2001 and Maharashtra and Assam enacted this since 2002. Actual journey of the Right to Information Act in India has started in 1923 through the Official Secret Act. Later in early 1990s it again gained some importance and in the year 2005 after repetitive petitions the RTI Act was passed. ABOUT THE RTI ACT, 2005: This Act was enacted by the permission and the authority of the President of India. In the Parliament, it was enacted in June, 2005. This Act is applicable to all the states in the country but not to Jammu and Kashmir. This Act main objective is to facilitate the access to get information to citizens of the country in a secure way and by this to encourage accountability and transparency in governance. Here the information seek by the citizens is may be in any form. It may be physical form like records, papers, documents, etc or it may be in digital form like e-mails or in any electronic form. There are some exceptions to reveal the information in this Act also. Information that cannot have access to reveal is information related to sovereignty and integrity of India, information prevented by Courts, Cabinet papers, information related to issues under investigation, trade secrets, intellectual property, information related to fiduciary relationship. In Indian constitution, article 19 (2) talks about this. If anyone wants to get some information he/she has send a request to public authority with whatever the fees applicable. They can send their request by writing it on paper, letter or even by electronic media also. They have to mention the full address of the public authority. After receiving the request by the Public Information Officer (PIO) he has to check whether the seeking information is allowed or not. If it is allowed then the PIO will send that information within 30 days. Otherwise it may reject due to some reasons like security, copyright, commercials, etc. If the person, who requested do not get the requested information or proper response from the public authority within 30 calendar days, the person has a chance to give a complaint either to Information Commission or to first appellate authority. This type of complaints can give due to various reasons like late response, demand of cost of information that is not at all reasonable. For the first appeal, the applicant has to application fee along with his/her application. There is no fee when one appeals to Central Government offices. The officer senior to Public Information Officer is called first appellate authority. After one’s appeal reached to this appellate authority they will ask an explanation from PIO. They might invite the person to hear. They will pass a reasonable order within 30-45 days. If the person is not satisfied then also he /she can file second appeal either with State Information Commissioner or with Central Information Commissioner, according to the case. There is no such given time limit for getting response at this level. Too many cases are filed up with these offices. IMPORTANT SECTIONS OF RTI ACT: The RTI Act consists of more than 30 sections and its subsections. In order to get response every time, one has to know about all sections and amendments related to this act. Here are the some important sections of this act Section 3 tells that all citizens have the right. Section 4 tells about proactive disclosures by authorities. Section 6 deals with the request for obtaining information. Section 7 tells about how a person request will be treated. Section 8 tells about exemptions. Section 19 (1): First appeal Section 19 (3): Second appeal Section 20: Penalties and Disciplinary actions. CRITICAL ANALYSIS: This act has been utilized by the people to get information and acted as a tool for judicial approachability wherein the effectiveness may vary from state to state. It has always stood as the authentic means to get information in a formal way in various sectors from education to land. This has also disclosed the regularities to inefficiencies. An empirical evidence for RTI success is the RTI filed by Activist Anil Galgali for Reliance Infra regarding meter connection details. Initially, he was denied information that it was for the public authority, later he complained to the State Information Commission of Maharashtra for deny of information. Due to intervention taken by SIC even the case moved to Bombay High Court, stay was given by Bombay HC on the decision of SIC Maharashtra. RTI has played a vital role and have attained success in various cases such as monitoring of attendance of village in UP school teachers, payment of pension dues from railways, corruption in the master of role in the employment guarantee schemes. RTI also gives the privilege of filing a case irrespective of age which was utilize by an 9 year old student to monitor over the over-speeding of vehicles. Though the Central Information Commission as the power to penalize the politicians does not provide information about their assets and liabilities within stipulated prescribed time but until now this provision is not often used. Our former Prime Minister had stated that even though the RTI Act had been working good there were few concerns regarding public servants expressions. Aruna Roy had criticized the former Prime Ministers view saying the Government has always been inefficient. RTI has also resulted in violence like threatening and in some cases it has also costed lives about 250. The most famous killings were of Satish Shetty from Pune who exposed the land scam, Lalit kumar Mehta for exposing corruption in MGNREGA, and Shela Masood being shot dead at Bhopal. Though the RTI was brought with a noble intention, it is also misuse by pseudo activist where they tend to get an incentive by blackmailing the people wherein it is further leading to ill practices in the society. CONCLUSION: The RTI has brought a sort of monitory and accountability to check the irregularities and inefficiencies in the government. The awareness regarding RTI is low in terms of how to apply, initiation, and some feel that the government is not towards the positive approach of it. The long urge of RTI activists were addressed through Whistle Blowers Protection Act in 2014 wherein it gives power to complainant to make complaint to Competent Authority. For making RTI Act more feasible it has to adopt a type of single window clearance system through appointment of officers and staff for making the process and getting information quickly. Further, the government should show keen interest to protect the interest of whistle blowers and activists. RTI can be seen as an ultimate tool for the public to make informed choices that would help to re-imagine future and build a better society.

Patient with Diagnosis of Borderline Personality Disorder Essay

Index Diagnostic Impressions Medical Conditions Psychosocial Factors Case Conceptualization Assessment Recommendation Treatment Recommendations Works Cited Diagnostic Impressions: Borderline Personality Disorder; R/O Substance Abuse Disorder and Persistent Depressive Disorder Medical Conditions: Arm and leg lacerations, digestive tract irritation as result of toxic elements ingested, gastric suction, effects of alcohol use, effects of cocaine use, and effects of physical abuse through Ecchymosis Psychosocial Factors: History of physical and verbal abuse, parental disapproval, academic problems, moving to a new country, cultural differences, language differences, withdrawal from peers, and negative comparison to siblings Case Conceptualization: Client, Maria, is a seventeen-year-old Hispanic female presenting with symptoms consistent with Borderline Personality Disorder. The client was pleased with her appearance yet she seemed as if she was on the verge of tears throughout the sessions. Maria reported that her reason for coming to the clinic was due to her hospitalization following the ingestion of Drano, however, after analyzing her case there were numerous precursors and signs that lead toward this suicide attempt. The client and her family immigrated to America from Mexico when she was thirteen-years-old causing a language and cultural barrier between the client and her peers. She does indicate that her father often was dissatisfied with her personal life choices and told her that â€Å"she was nothing.† The clinician believes that these difficulties, in addition to the physical abuse inflicted on her by father, are factors in the client’s development of the disorder. The father influenced Maria to... ...hat the most important function is â€Å"structuring the environment† in a way that reinforces progress and does not continue to cause the negative emotions (Bohus et al., 2010). This could include modifying her peer group to not include those who use substances, having family work with the client to emphasize progress and not failure, and re-involve in activities she withdrew from prior to treatment (Bohus et al., 2010). Works Cited Bell, K. (2012). Anorexia Nervosa. Department of Psychology, Capital University, Columbus, Ohio. Bohus, M., Haaf, B., Stiglmayr, C., Pohl, U., Bà ¶hme, R., & Linehan, M. (2010). Evaluation of inpatient Dialectical-Behavioral Therapy for Borderline Personality Disorder — a prospective study. Behaviour Research and Therapy. Butcher, J.N., Hooley, J.M., & Mineka, S. (2013). Abnormal psychology (16th ed.). Boston, MA: Pearson.

Early Childhood And Why Parents Choose Certain Schools

I merely want my kid to hold merriment! is a remark I hear on a regular basis from parents touring my preschool. But the thaumaturgy of merriment someway disappears as kids reach the age of three or four, and when they start to fix for â€Å" existent school. † Standards, standardised trials, awards, classs etc. , shortly become parents ‘ greatest concerns. Somewhere along the line, the fun remark is replaced with inquiries refering to kindergarten preparedness and petitions for worksheets, prep and some kind of â€Å" class † . As a preschool owner/educator, I remember so vividly the twenty-four hours I decided to go forth an unbelievable 13-year calling as a public school instructor in one of Ohio ‘s wealthiest school territories to have and run my ain preschool. This was non an easy determination, because I love learning ; go forthing the schoolroom was one of the hardest professional determinations I have of all time made. However, the criterions and standardised testing that were ordering our course of study patterns were in complete struggle with my beliefs. Fortunately, I had options and decided to remain in instruction by traveling to younger ages, which at the clip, seemed exempt from the open force per unit area of standardised testing. I envisioned a installation that embraced drama as the primary acquisition doctrine – 1 that valued child involvements and focal point groups, one that integrated multicultural aspects. I could non be more pleased with my determination to walk off from an astonishing retirement, nice wage, and summers off with my ain kids to offer my ideals to other immature scholars. Small did I realize that the same incubuss that plagued me antecedently would go on to stalk me at my preschool. Although research on drama and cognitive development provide a batch of support for the play-based course of study for our immature kids, the recent province and national accent on proficiency trial public presentation has reinforced the construct of minimum drama clip, even in the primary scene. Many preschools and simple schools have reduced or even eliminated drama from their agendas ( Bodrova & A ; Leong, 2003 ; Brandon, 2002 ; Johnson, 1998 ; Murline, 2000 ; Vail 2003 ) . Play, even the little sections, are being replaced with academic preparedness patterns, peculiarly literacy and reading to fit the content of standardised testing ( Brandon, 2002 ; Fromberg, 1990 ; Johnson, 1998 ; Stei nhauer, 2005 ; Vail, 2003 ) . The changeless battle for answerability, every bit good as â€Å" top-down criterions and coercive force per unit area to raise tonss on an eternal series of standardised trial † – ( Kohn, 2004, p.572 ) , in add-on to the conflict of bettering instruction, all seem to be ordering current educational tendencies. Even if a plan embraces the importance of drama, the outer forces that continue to press for faculty members is invariably endangering the foundation from which our immature kids build their educational hereafter. â€Å" We strip them of their best innate assurance in directing their ain acquisition, travel rapidly them along, and frequently wear them out. † ( Almon, 2003, p.20 ) . This push for a more academic foundation in the early old ages may happen us losing sight of the existent intent of larning. If we continue down this way of making a test-prep course of study in which our accent is on how the kid scores on a reading trial instead than on leting kids to read for pleasance and information after go forthing school, we might bring forth rather the opposite consequence and negatively impact cognitive development. However, the planetary challenge that the Information Age has imposed on us has similarly prompted instruction functionaries to redefine school accomplishment. The authorities ‘s move to set up educational criterions through the ( No Child Left Behind Act ) NCLB was based on the diminution of instruction criterions since the start of the 70s ( Peterson, 2003 ) . At present, most schools implement standard-based course of study, formal rating methods, and numerical scaling system in response to the call for a wider educational transmutation. Suffice to advert, the U.S. ranks merely 19th in the Literacy Index established by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization ( UNESCO ) ( 2007 ) . Such informations support the current tendency in instruction, and connote the demand of preschool pedagogues to react consequently. In this consideration, it is worthwhile to weigh what we know about the significance of play-based course of study as it contradicts with what functionaries in Higher Education promote, the standard-based course of study. With the aid of parents who themselves have witnessed the relevancy of play-based course of study to the current instruction system and to the broader facets of their kids ‘s lives, this survey shall derive fresh findings on how parents understand the play-based course of study. Knowing how parents understand play-based course of study is of import, it will supply insight into what information parents draw upon in doing early educational determinations for their kids. . Since parents are the 1s who decide where to inscribe their kids, it would be best to larn how they feel towards play-based course of study. To procure a intelligent research determination, during this survey I will concentrate on interviews, observations and documents/documentation, with parents whose kids are presently enrolled in a play-based course of study. I plan to interview five parents ; carry oning three interviews: a Life History interview, a Current Context interview that includes a sum-up of their present state of affairs, and a Follow up interview. In add-on to the three interviews, observations will be conducted and artefacts will be collected to heighten the informations aggregation. I presently own and operate a preschool situated in a Northeastern Ohio suburb. The demographics environing my school consist of upper in-between category, educated, two-parent families. In the recent yesteryear, we were runing with 248 Caucasic households but have noticed a cultural tendency altering our school ‘s population: we now house six native Asiatic households, eight native Indian households, three Afro-american households, and two biracial households out of a sum of 257 households. This tendency, I believe, is due to a new 30-acre infirmary installation opening across the street. This survey will take topographic point in a similar preschool. The commercial trade name preschool ( anonym ) has similar demographics and utilizes a play-based course of study. As I tour households, I am ever assured that parents want the best for their kids. The determination to go forth a immature kid to a non-family member is hard but common, and it is what brought me to this point in my life: a 43 year-old female parent of two girls, ages 10 and 13, prosecuting a PhD in Curriculum and Instruction with an early childhood focal point. A really attractive, well-groomed adult female in her thirtiess, entered my school anteroom keeping an expensive pocketbook, and armed with a list of inquiries, began her pursuit for the perfect child care supplier. This well-spoken ma has a two-year-old boy and an infant girl. She, an lawyer and her hubby, a occupant physician, merely moved to our community from Washington, DC. My tour involves a short debut of myself and my background, every bit good as the school ‘s. I ever include a short description of our doctrine, which includes drama, a circuit of the installation, an debut to all instructors, and, eventually, a meeting in my office where we address all inquiries on their list. Such a list typically includes: safety and security, ratios, ill policy, subject policy, sanitation processs, tiffin and bite, tuition, etc. In this case, course of study was ne'er mentioned, even after I spoke of our play-based doctrine, our Flex Learning Program, etc. Such things did non look o f import to this ma. She asked about instructor turnover, how many babies were presently enrolled, how many instructors were in the schoolroom, and if her babe would be rocked to kip. She asked if her immature yearling would see the gym, which is located in the older edifice ; if he would travel outside every twenty-four hours ; and if he could take part in karate and association football. Literature back uping everything discussed during the circuit, including course of study issues, was handed to her, every bit good as a concern card with the web reference for any extra information. This is really much a typical circuit. The female parent called subsequently to denote that her determination was complete and her kids would be get downing the following Monday. That was two old ages ago. Her kids still attend my school full clip, now ages three and five. Both childs are in the West installation that houses older kids: older Preschool, Pre K, Jr-K, K, and after school classrooms/program. Her kids are booming academically and socially. Yet, two old ages subsequently, her concern shifted to academic preparedness. She made an assignment with me to reexamine the Ohio Pre K criterions which she received from her neighbour. Our hour-and-half hr meeting consisted of illustrations of merely how these criterions are being implemented, met, and mastered without the usage of paper/pencil, bore, skill worksheets, and appraisal tools. Although our doctrine has non changed, nor has her desire for her kids to hold merriment, the fright of success in school has crept into this ma à ¢â‚¬Ëœs thought. Walking through her boy ‘s and girl ‘s schoolrooms daily and detecting childs edifice blocks, making dramatic drama, utilizing sand and H2O, and working at art Stationss, reassures her that the childs are so holding merriment, but what are they larning? How can she be certain they will be prepared for â€Å" school? † This has me presenting several opposing inquiries. What are parents ‘ beliefs and attitudes towards an early childhood play-based course of study, and has their beliefs and attitudes changed since come ining the play-based plan? What grounds can I offer parents that play-based course of study is an appropriate course of study for primary school preparedness? How do I recommend for kindergartners as a clip in life to care for drama as a footing for holistic development and acquisition? It is my desire, as a strong advocator of drama for little kids, to better understand where parents are coming from, how they are informed, and what they draw upon to do their concluding decisions. Therefore, in my survey, I will ask from parents their beliefs and attitude about play-based course of study in the hope of better apprehension where parents are coming from. This information will better inform instructors in their parent instruction patterns every bit good as parents in their hunt for a preschool. Approximately Early on Childhood Education Programs Early on childhood instruction plans provide foundational acquisition experiences to really immature kids in readying for formal schooling. Early childhood instruction plans strive to supply kids with the basic accomplishments in literacy and numeracy, which are important for all degrees of instruction, while, at the same clip, supplying the societal, emotional, and cultural interaction that kids need for adulthood and societal development. There is a broad fluctuation in kid attention plans in the United States runing from basic care-based, and sometimes merely custodial-based attention to nationally accredited early childhood plans such as those promoted by the National Association for the Education of Young Children ( NAEYC ) . A figure of early childhood instruction theoretical accounts are in topographic point: Montessori, Reggio-Emilia, Waldorf, Play-Based, and Academics-Based, each holding a different doctrine and educational aim, but all nisus to lend to the preparedness of k ids for formal direction ( Singer, Singer, Plaskon, & A ; Schweder, 2003 ) .Theoretical ModelsEarlier theories on kid development do non straight stipulate drama as an indispensable facet of cognitive development yet constructivist theories recognize it as an of import factor impacting kids ‘s involvement and societal development. In add-on, neuroscience contributes to the position that physical and age-related drama enhances encephalon, physical, and overall development ( Frost 1998 ) . The societal constructivist theory is the force that determines this survey. It claims that persons ‘ perceptual experiences of the â€Å" world † around them shape their ideas and behaviour ( Berger & A ; Luckman, 1966 ) and that the building of significance is a procedure â€Å" forged in the melting pot of mundane interactionaˆÂ ¦meanings are negotiated, exchanged, and modified through mundane interactions with others † ( Rosenholtz, 1989, p. 3 ) . It besides says that people construct their ain apprehension and cognition of the universe through sing and reflecting upon those experiences. Constructivism posits that kids develop their ain constructs of things based on anterior cognition and experience. Guided by people, anterior cognition or experience, they perceive, analyze, and finally do up their ain thoughts sing the universe. Therefore, anterior accomplishments used at drama may be applied relevantly to other state of affairss, such as job resolution, analysis, or decision-making. This makes play an of import portion of kids ‘s life, as it serves as the debut to higher accomplishments and more hard challenges of life. In peculiar, Lev Vygotsky ( cited in Palmer, 2004 ) , a well-known constructivist supports the importance of drama in the kid ‘s development. In his last talk, â€Å" Play and the Psychological Development of the Child, Vygotsky emphasized the importance of drama during the kid ‘s early old ages. Harmonizing to him, drama is portion of a kid ‘s Zone of Proximal Development ( ZPD ) . ZPD is the difference between what a kid can make and what s/he can non. During drama, the kid behaves beyond his age, and discovers new ways of making things such as different forms and highs of blocks. As the kid does this, s/he explores the deepnesss of ZPD, which consequences to a better acquisition ability. In the same manner, neuroscience provides support for kid ‘s drama. Frost ( 1998 ) paperss that encephalon development is farther improved as kids engage in age-appropriate drama. Conversely, he illustrates that want of drama could ensue in â€Å" deviant behaviour † ( 8 ) . It can be gathered that in Vgotsky ‘s societal constructivist theory, parents form an apprehension when it comes to placing the â€Å" fit † academic environment for their kid based on their outlooks Research Methodology Focus and Questions Based on the ends of this survey, the employment of methodological analysis through the acquisition of narrative enquiry and the instance survey design are appropriate. Narrative instance survey will be used for this research undertaking as it will let me, the research worker, to witness and describe a descriptive scene in order to portion experiencesCase StudyThis survey adopts the instance survey design with the position that single instances provide more in-depth information. Case surveies focus on the person, his/her experiences, and immediate world, which is needed to deduce significance and apprehension of the issue or concept under scrutiny. Furthermore, it provides existent illustrations from existent people who are unencumbered by the usage of preset steps or studies, and whose responses will merely ensue in Numberss and statistics ( Bogdan & A ; Biklen, 2007 ) . In this survey, persons, the parents ( either female parent or male parent in one household ) should hold a kid o r kids who are enrolled in a school that implements play-based course of study. These persons will be interviewed and asked to portion their narratives based on open-ended inquiries that correspond to the over-arching research inquiries. In making so, the persons ‘ experiences and beliefs will be discussed in order to get at a better apprehension of the research subject, which regards parents beliefs and attitudes of a play-based course of study. It is expected that other factors such as race, faith, and socioeconomic position would act upon the experiences and ideas of parents. Therefore, the parents selected for the survey will come from different backgrounds. In add-on to the three planned interviews, observations including parent/ instructor conferences, PTO meetings, assorted parent jubilations such as â€Å" A Day in the Life of PreSchooler † , â€Å" Muffins With Mom † , â€Å" ( Root ) Beer and Pretzels with Dad † , Parents Night Out, Parents †˜ Information Evening etc will be observed. Artifacts such as Parent Handbook, School ‘s literature including the school ‘s mission statement, pupil rights, pupil portfolio information will be submitted to supplement Narrative Inquiry For the intent of this survey I will besides be pulling on narrative enquiry ( Clandinin & A ; Connelly, 2000 ) to look into five parents beliefs and attitudes towards a drama -based early childhood course of study within a in private owned early childhood installation. Coming from the societal constructivist position, I believe that experiences are important. Clandinin & A ; Connelly besides suggest experience is important in their three dimensional model for analyzing how the participants past, present and future contexts act upon their beliefs and attitudes towards a drama -based early childhood course of study. Concentrating on narrative enquiry will assist me to underdtand how parents beliefs and attitudes towards a play-based early childhood course of study have been established. This alone attack is attractive because it provides the chance for the parents ‘ voices to be heard. In understanding their beliefs and attitudes of a play-based early childhood course of study, narrative enquiry will let me to research how their beliefs and attitudes affect their decsion to inscribe or non in enroll in a installation that promotes a play-based curriuculum and how these beliefs and attitudes have evolved, through the narratives that they portion. This survey will utilize the narrative in-depth interview as a qualitative information aggregation method, which can arouse far richer information than a study. Further, interviews offer the research worker a means to clear up responses and validate participant responses. Cohen et Al. ( 2000 ) posited that single behaviours can merely be understood by understanding persons ‘ readings of the universe around them. Therefore, meaningful societal action demands to be interpreted from the point of position of the histrions or the people who are in that peculiar state of affairs. It can be said that parents who have already enrolled their kid in a play-based preschool would of course experience more strongly about it than parents who have non sent their kid to a play-based preschool ( Bryman, 2004 ) . This qualitative instance survey will analyze preschool parents ‘ beliefs and attitudes utilizing a narrative enquiry data-collection scheme in order to showcase the experiences and perceptual experiences of parents towards play-based course of study in early childhood plans. Case survey and narrative enquiry seek to understand the peculiar inside informations in a historically and socially bounded context ( Clandinin & A ; Connelly, 2000 ) .Main Research QuestionsThe chief research inquiry for this survey is â€Å" what are parents beliefs and attitudes towards an early childhood play-based course of study? † Supporting Research Questions I have identified several back uping research inquiries to reflect upon throughout Clandinin and Connelly ( 2000 ) 3-dimensional interviewing procedure. In looking forward/backward I am interested in understanding how persons ‘ life histories inform their current beliefs and attitudes towards play-based course of studies. In looking inward/outward I am interested in understanding what outside factors influence their current beliefs and attitudes towards play-based curriculums.. What are their beliefs on drama? What are parents ‘ beliefs sing developmentally appropriate patterns? What are parents ‘ perceptual experiences of early acquisition? What grounds can I offer parents that play-based course of study is an appropriate course of study for primary school preparedness? How do I recommend for kindergartners as a clip in life to care for drama as a footing for holistic development and acquisition? . Childs have different demands and the preschool plan should be able to turn to those demands. From my experience, I have found that parents frequently choose preschools that are child-friendly ; that is, they have passed safety criterions, provide plenty learning stuffs, employ qualified and caring instructors, and maintain an attractive installation. Rarely do parents inquire about the school ‘s course of study or its academic offerings. In my experience, parents expect preschools to learn kids rudimentss like forms, colourss, alphabet, Numberss, and reading. Most preschools integrate these basic accomplishments into their acquisition plans, but each preschool differs in how the said accomplishments are presented to the kids for learning intents. Researching parents ‘ beliefs and attitudes would assist place the relevancy of play-based course of study, whether it has helped ease their kids ‘s preparedness and ability to larn and develop accomplishments needed for the â€Å" existent school † or for mundane life. Furthermore, their responses will function as valuable penetrations to pedagogues in general, including those who are non implementing drama. Sing its focal point, play-based course of study may be mostly misperceived as non supplying adequate attending to accomplishments and acquisition. Besides, the current standard-based instruction being implemented, may see drama unimportant, therefore curtail clip for it or wholly disregard it. Such would be deterrent to kids whose basic needs include drama and merriment. In this position, the inquiries that I would wish to elaborate on include: What are parents ‘ beliefs and attitudes towards play-based course of study? What factors led to the development of these beliefs and attitudes? How do/did play-based course of study affect their kids ‘s acquisition and development? and How do parents ‘ beliefs and attitudes sing drama impact the execution of play-based course of study and standard-based curriculum/formal direction?Purpose of the StudyI believe it is of import for all parents to hold a thorough apprehension of the course of study that their kid will be sing, whether in preschool or in any other educational scene. Preschools enjoy a certain sum of flexibleness in how they teach immature kids. Different learning theoretical accounts are available, and some schools integrate two theoretical accounts ( i.e, Montessori and Reggio Emilia ) . When parents know and understand the course of study of their kid ‘s preschool, they are more likely to go involved in the school ‘s activities. They so cognize how to reenforce their kid ‘s acquisition at place, and tend to join forces more with instructors ( Sission, 2009 ) . My quest to understand the beliefs and attitudes of five parents towards a play-based course of study has multiple intents. First, is to supply readers and the early childhood instruction sector with information refering parental beliefs and attitudes towards play-based course of study ; 2nd, to larn how, harmonizing to parents ‘ positions has play-based course of study affected their kids ‘s acquisition and development ; and 3rd, to spot whether they believe it serves as an effectual tool for early childhood instruction.Statement of the ProblemEarly on childhood research workers have reported that immature kids learn best through activities that support the development of the whole kid ( Elkind 2001 ) . David Elkind ( 2001 ) , in a piece reminiscent of Piaget ‘s constructivist positions, entitled â€Å" Young Einstein: Much Too Early, † argued that immature kids learn best through direct interaction with their environment. Before a certain age, they merely a re non capable of the degree of concluding necessary for formal direction. However, national concern with answerability, competition, proving and â€Å" back-to-basics, † puts an over-emphasis on faculty members and single-subject instruction ( Elkind, 2007 ; Ornstein, 2002 ; Perrone, 2000 ) . In response to these concerns, early childhood plans may concentrate the course of study on the instruction of academic accomplishments ( Morrison, 2004 ) . These factors have led to narrowly-defined course of study, which deny immature kids valuable life experiences found in drama. Although a turning concern on math and linguistic communication ability in the higher twelvemonth degrees has prompted the execution of standard-based course of study, it is non plenty to enforce such sort of system in the preschool degree. In the first topographic point, kids are a batch different from grownups in their ways to larn. Unlike grownups, kids, particularly little 1s, need drama ( Ginsburg, 2007 ) ; they need to be interested in what they do in order to go on with it. Therefore, the demand for drama in the preschool should non be disregarded. However, the significance of drama in direction should be supported by research and by parents ‘ belief in the course of study. Therefore, a survey of the parents ‘ beliefs and attitudes towards a play-based early childhood course of study may supply information utile to instructors and decision makers when be aftering schemes for implementing a successful preschool plan.RationaleWith the demand for effectivity, trial accomplishment tonss, and answerability, many preschool plans have adopted and reinforced formal direction, and have used drama as a recreational period instead than a learning medium. In an Oregon state-wide study sent to all kindergarten instructors and principals with first-grade instructors, Hitz and Wright ( 1998 ) found that 64 per centum of kindergarten instructors, 61 per centum of principals, and 72 per centum of first-grade instructors reported that formal academic direction was more prevailing in kindergarten than it was 10 to 20 old ages ago. In this scenario, originative look may be considered non every bit of import as cognitive development. Creativity may be viewed as irrelevant to the development of thought and job resolution. Conversely, it is possible that instructors and decision makers have adopted academic direction and other formal patterns, even though most of them considered such developmentally inappropriate. This last scenario implies the loss or deficiency of academic freedom among pedagogues, therefore beliing democratic rules. Early on childhood pedagogues have shown concern with the type of direction used in their instruction plans. Practices used in pre-kindergarten and kindergarten categories reflected an environmentalist-behaviorist position, even though instructors reported holding other positions. From a survey of instructor pattern, Hatch and Freeman ( 1988 ) found that two-thirds of early childhood instructors were implementing plans in struggle with their doctrines refering kids ‘s acquisition. Early childhood experts have long asserted that plans for immature kids should supply for the development of societal, emotional, physical, cognitive, and originative accomplishments, but the abovementioned findings do non reflect this anymore. In short, there is a spread between research workers ‘ recommendations and instructors ‘ patterns ( Bredekamp, 1997 ; Logue, Eheart, & A ; Leavitt, 1996 ) . Parents are the make up one's minding authorization when it comes to the type of instruction that their kids should have. Their beliefs and attitudes towards a course of study and later their determinations are typically influenced by their ain beliefs, experiences, and attitudes. As a effect, their positions affect the execution of plans for immature kids. This survey does non corroborate that parents ‘ positions sing course of study execution are sufficient to implement a favourable plan. However, it considers their positions because they form portion of kids ‘s acquisition environment. It is of import to derive their positions about play-based instruction because aside from the instructor, they are the 1s who have entree to information sing their kids ‘s development and ability whether in school or outside it. Motivation As an experient primary pedagogue, and a current preschool proprietor and pedagogue, I am interested in parents ‘ beliefs and attitudes towards an early childhood play-based course of study and whether their determination to inscribe their kid in a play-based course of study is borne out of their apprehension of the plan or other factors. I personally believe in the play-based course of study and would wish to find if this attitude is shared by the parents. If they do non, I would wish to cognize the footing for their disfavor of the course of study. Parents of my pupils are informed of our play-based course of study at registration. Despite this, nevertheless, some still face me with incredulity about the course of study. As an pedagogue and concern proprietor, this survey would take me to a better apprehension of parents ‘ beliefs and attitudes approximately play as a vehicle for larning Understanding how parents understand play-based course of study is important and wi ll add to the literature in many ways. In researching how parents understand play-based course of study this survey will lend to current literature available offering new thoughts Contributions to the Research Children ‘s drama has come under renewed onslaught. Inspired by my ain experiences as a preschool proprietor I hope to lend through this narrative instance survey assorted lived narratives of parents and how their beliefs and attitudes towards a play-based early childhood course of study have evolved. Since parents are the â€Å" clients † of early childhood plans, is it of import to understand their beliefs and attitudes. While there is plentifulness of research back uping play-based course of studies in the early childhood schoolroom, it is largely from the pedagogues ‘ and child ‘s position point, literature is missing in this country as it pertains to the parents, their ain beliefs and attitudes. While non meant to portray generalised information the rich descriptive narratives of these five parents will stand for the larger community. Mentality In chapter two of this research proposal, Literature Review, I describe the context in which preschool plans, play-based course of study, and parental picks have been studied in the yesteryear, and the deductions of research findings to current pattern. . The literature reappraisal is organized from the general to the particular, which means that a general overview of preschool plans is provided, followed by a treatment of the play-based course of study, and reasoning with parents pick. . In chapter three, Methodology, I further depict the usage of instance survey and the narrative enquiry attack to warrant the usage of such methods and design as proposed for this survey. The chapter besides provides the description of the research scene, the research sample, the informations assemblage process, information analysis, the timeline, and cogency and dependability concerns, every bit good as the awaited restrictions of the survey. The chief research inquiry every bit good as the back uping inquiries will be outlined in item as good within the chapter three. Chapter four, Findings, will pull on common subjects that exist within the participants narratives that describe their beliefs and attitudes towards an early childhood play-based course of study. The deductions this research has on informing the preschool community will be found within chapter five, the concluding chapter, Discussions and Implications.KeywordsPreschool Plans: refers to the pre-kindergarten plans that are geared towards fixing kids ages 2-5 old ages old for kindergarten. The plans offer assorted services for different age groups and follow different course of study theoretical accounts. In this survey, preschool plans refer to the scene and object of the research work. Curriculum Models: refers to an educational system that combines theory with pattern. A course of study theoretical account has a theory and cognition base that reflects a philosophical orientation and is supported, in changing grades, by kid development research and educational rating. The practical application of a course of study theoretical account includes guidelines on how to put up the physical environment, construction the activities, interact with kids and their households, and support staff members in their initial preparation and on-going execution of the plan. In this survey, the theoretical account used by the preschool plan is a play-based course of study. Play-based course of study: refers to the larning theoretical account based on developmentally appropriate drama. This theoretical account is child-centered ; it is based on kids ‘s involvement to guarantee maximized engagement, focal point, and acquisition. Developmentally appropriate patterns: patterns that are â€Å" designed for the age group served and implemented with attending to the demand and differences of the single kids enrolled † ( Bredekamp, 1998 p. 53 ) . In this survey, developmentally appropriate patterns refer to the instruction patterns of kindergarten instructors as manifested in their categories. Beliefs: refer to a set of thoughts or ideas that a individual finds of import or that influences his or her feelings, attitudes, and behaviour. Beliefs are subjective and can be measured by inquiring participants to clarify their ideas on a certain subject or issue. Attitudes: refer to a societal concept that is predetermined by a individual ‘s beliefs. If the belief is negative, so the attitude toward the issue or job is besides negative. Attitudes are associated with stereotypes of what is socially acceptable. Feelingss: refer to the affectional constituent of an person ‘s belief and attitude towards a certain issue or subject. Feelingss are associated with the personal experience and rating of the said issue. Understanding/Perception: refers to the entirety of the person ‘s beliefs, attitudes, and feelings towards a certain issue or subject.

Role of Engineer in Global Challenges

Role of Engineer in Global Challenges Executive Summary The present paper discusses roles that engineers could actively play to address the challenges of global food insecurity, WMD terrorism, and environmental degradation. The rationale is premised on the fact that food insecurity, global terrorism, and environmental degradation are at the core of the very existence of mankind.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Role of Engineer in Global Challenges specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The results demonstrate that engineers can play an active role in taming environmental degradation by working on ways to actualize the fuel cell technology, developing innovations to capture and store excess carbon dioxide, and initiate sustainable and green engineering to cut down on harmful emissions. In addressing the challenge of food insecurity, engineers can develop novel fertilizers and irrigation capabilities, use biotechnology to develop disease-resistant and fast matur ing crops, and develop new techniques of harvesting rain water for use in irrigation. Lastly, in addressing the challenge of WMD terrorism, engineers can develop high-tech defense mechanisms having the capacity to deal with WMDs before they reach their target, develop and implement comprehensive surveillance systems, and play an active role in developing novel strategies that could be used to neutralize the effects of chemical or biological weapons. The paper concludes by underscoring the importance of engineers in advancing human welfare. The paper recommends (1) core curricula for engineers to be changed to ensure they receive comprehensive training to reflect new challenges and (2) funding and concessions to be made to enable engineers come up with innovative ways to address challenges. Introduction Around the world, demands on the profession and practice of engineering are increasingly shifting to reflect new challenges and expectations fuelled by the pressures of internalizatio n and globalization (Bryce et al., 2004). Today, more than ever before, there are increasing demands for engineering professionals to disembark from the cocoon of narrow technical focus and embrace a positive role in working with their communities to address a multiplicity of challenges and create opportunities that serve to improve life in the universe (National Academy of Engineering, 2012; Vanasupa et al., 2006).Advertising Looking for essay on engineering? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The present paper discusses roles that engineers could actively play to address the challenges of global food insecurity, WMD terrorism, and environmental degradation. Rationale It is important to note that these challenges have been carefully selected on a needs assessment basis. Whereas it is a well known fact that the world is facing very many challenges that are hinged on the pressures toward internalization and globalization (Bryce et al., 2004), food insecurity, global terrorism, and environmental degradation are at the core of the very existence of mankind, hence their selection. Environmental Degradation Extant literature demonstrates that â€Å"†¦the global population is currently consuming natural resources at a rate of 120% of what the earth can regenerate† (Vanasupa et al., 2006 p. 375). Industrialized and industrializing counties are well known for their insatiable appetite for fossil fuels; however, available literature demonstrates that not only will we deplete our fossil fuel reserves within the next 40-100 years if we ignore to take immediate action to control their use, but our propensity to consume these resources will continue to accelerate the melting of the polarize caps, leading to flooding (Vanasupa et al., 2006). Excessive consumption of fossil fuels have also been positively correlated with the rapid accumulation of atmospheric greenhouse gases responsible for causing g lobal warming, acid rain, ozone layer depletion, and other forms of adverse environmental events. Engineers can play an active role in taming environmental degradation by working on ways to actualize the fuel cell technology, which has the capacity to convert hydrogen or hydrogen-containing fuels into the much needed electrical energy and heat through approvingly simple and mechanically straight forward electrochemical processes that do not degrade the environment (Nordin, 2010). In essence, the perfection of fuel cell technology by relevant engineers presents our best bet of addressing the real challenges emboldened by the mounting use of fossil fuels, including the depletion of natural resources and the ensuing global environmental concerns.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Role of Engineer in Global Challenges specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Engineers also need to come up with technological innovations that could be used by communities and countries to capture and store excess carbon dioxide within the environment so as to prevent global warming (Bourn Neil, 2008). Such innovations require heavy investment in financial resources and heavy concessions from participating stakeholders, but are intrinsically important if we are to reduce the harmful environmental events occasioned by excessive emissions of carbon dioxide and other harmful gases into the environment. Lastly, engineers should be at the forefront in initiating sustainable and green engineering to cut down on harmful emissions into the environment (UNESCO, 2010). Food Insecurity The world’s population has now reached seven billion owing to great advances in health care, elevated levels of prosperity and longer life expectancy, but available statistics indicate that two in every seven people residing in developing countries are exposed to hunger and starvation due to food insecurity brought about by rising temperatures and e rratic rainfall patterns (Fan, 2011). The world’s population, according to these authors, is expected to reach nine billion by 2050, hence the need to come up with approaches and policy frameworks to guarantee food security. Engineers can play an active role in ensuring food security by developing novel fertilizers and irrigation capabilities that will ensure faster and more efficient production of food to feed the population. Agricultural engineers in Israel, for example, have been able to apply modern irrigation techniques and high-yield fertilizers to grow food in arid areas. Second, engineers can use biotechnology and other scientific techniques to develop disease-resistant and fast maturing crops. Such technologically-enhanced crops, in my view, will ensure that food is available in abundance. Lastly, engineers can undertake to develop new techniques of harvesting rain water for use in irrigating crops grown under harsh conditions (Bourn Neil, 2008).Advertising Looking for essay on engineering? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Weapons of mass destruction Global Terrorism Owing to the September 11 2001 terrorist attack on U.S. soil, it is increasingly becoming clear that the nexus of weapons of mass destruction (WMB) and terrorism poses one of the greatest challenges to world peace and prosperity. While it is a well known fact that a successful major WMD terrorist assault could lead to mass casualties and generate extensive social, economic and political ramifications that would adversely affect developed and developing countries, non-state actors such as the Al-Qaeda, Taliban, Ansar al-Islam and Islamic Jihad Union have openly stated their insatiable desire to obtain and use WMDs against targets perceived as enemies to their religious fanaticism (U.S. Department of Sate, 2008). Such a global challenge is real considering the amount of information available on the Internet regarding the assembly and use of WMDs, not mentioning the many black market proliferators and transnational criminal networks that ma y seek to benefit financially from the sale of these weapons to terrorists organizations. To minimize the challenge of WMD terrorism, engineers can engage in the development of high-tech defense mechanisms that have the capacity to deal with WMDs before they reach their target. The U.S. military engineers, for instance, have succeeded in developing strategic missile defense systems that can guard the country against incoming missiles. Second, it should be the role of upcoming engineers to develop and implement comprehensive surveillance systems with the capacity to receive and transmit information about the activities of known terrorist groups. In this light, it can be argued that engineers who designed and developed the U.S. drone surveillance systems succeeded to minimize terrorist activities due to their excellent data gathering capabilities. Still, engineers can play an active role in developing novel strategies that could be used to neutralize the effects of chemical or biologi cal weapons in case of use by terrorist groupings (Bourn Neil, 2008). Conclusion Recommendations The present paper has discussed some of the top-most challenges affecting communities globally, including environmental degradation, food insecurity and WMD terrorism. Additionally, the paper has clearly outlined the critical roles that engineers are expected to play to address these challenges in line with their professional calling to advance human welfare. But while these roles lie at the core of the engineering profession, it is imperative to note that they may be unachievable if concerted efforts are not made by stakeholders and governments. It is therefore recommended that the core curricula for engineers should be changed to reflect these dynamics and ensure that upcoming engineers receive comprehensive education and awareness reflective of these challenges. Additionally, concessions should be made by stakeholders in terms of funding and availing the necessary conditions for eng ineers to come up with innovative ways aimed at dealing with these challenges. References Bourn, D., Neil, I. (2008). The global engineer: Incorporating global skills within UK high education of engineers. Web. Bryce, P., Johnston, S., Yasukawa, K. (2004). Implementing a program in sustainability for engineers at University of Technology, Sydney: A story of intersecting agendas. International Journal of Sustainability in Higher Education, 5(3), 267-277. Fan, S. (2011). Global food security challenges and opportunities. International Food Policy Research Institute. Web. National Academy of Engineering. (2012). Grand challenges for engineering. Web. Nordin, N. (2010). Limitations of commercializing fuel cell technologies. AIP Conference Technologies, 1225(1), 498-506. UNESCO. (2010). Engineering: Issues, challenges and opportunities for development. Web. U.S. Department of State. (2008). The global challenge of WMD terrorism. Web. Vanasupa, L., Slivovsky, L., Chen, K.C. (2006). Glo bal challenges as aspiration: A classroom strategy to foster social responsibility. Science Engineering Ethics, 12(2), 373-380.